Ottoman Imperial Attempts to Build a Local Army: Asakir-i Hamidiye in Yemen 1880-1882 The War upon the Desert: Engineering Landscapes in the Sinai Desert during the Ottoman Military Expeditions in the First World War Revisiting the “Çiftlik Debate”: Expansion of Çiftliks and Rural Transformation in Late Ottoman Western Anatolia “The Çiftlik Occupations”: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in the Ottoman Rural Geography, 1908-1913