“Necessary Relations”: Namik Kemal, Montesquieu, and Natural Law Ottomanism on a European Stage: Ali Suavi and Teodor Kasap in the Pages of the French and British Press Teodor Kasap and the Making of an Ottomanist Public, 1870-1877 Illiberal Ottomanism: Ali Suavi’s Critique of Liberal Internationalism Namik Kemal and Ibn Khaldunism in an Age of Nationalist Historiography