Frigates and Fetvas: Piracy, Slavery, and Early Modern Ottoman Islamic Law at Sea Fatwas and the Birth of Early Modern Ottoman Maritime Law Legitimating Ottoman Inter-State Law in Murky Waters: The Role of the ?eyhülislam Subjecthood and Illegal Human Trafficking in the Early Modern Ottoman Mediterranean: “Slave Laundering” Networks between the Balkans and North Africa The Kadi of Malta: Piracy, Captivity, and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean Corsairs or Rebels? North Africa, Istanbul, and the Legality of Maritime Violence in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean