A Necessary Other: Muslim and Christian Leaders in Medieval Eastern Anatolia and Jazīra The Long Shadow of Sasanian Christianity: The Limits of Iraqi Islamization to 950 The Garden of the Reasonable: Inter-Religious Collaboration and Competition in Late Medieval “Islamic” Medicine Enslaving Dhimmis: Rulers, Fiqh, and Religious Diversity in Late Medieval Türkmen States Moving Beyond Babel and Balkanization: A Digital Tool for the Polyglot Medieval Middle East Beyond Relevance or Irrelevance: The Social Function of Law and Jurists in Late Medieval Egypt