Remaking the Old City: The Anatolian Railroad and Eskişehir’s Late Nineteenth Century Urban Transformation Cholera in the Time of Modernization: The Spread of the 1893 Cholera Epidemic Along the Ottoman Anatolian Railroad Locals, Foreigners, and Local Foreigners: European Entanglements in a Provincial Anatolian Railroad Town Multiple Routes to the Anatolian Subject: Decentering Modernization Narratives in Late Ottoman Anatolia Through Source Diversity Clean Facades, Hidden Labor: The Bifurcated Image of Ottoman Technological Modernization