Abstract
Language and identity have played and important role in the Syrian conflict. At the beginning of the uprising, Bashar al-Asad alleged that the protestors were foreign infiltrators driven by sectarian intents. This paper analyzes how a group of dissidents constructed their identity as authentic Syrians on their personal and public Facebook pages through new, hybrid writing practices. Moreover, it shows how the deployment of these texts created participation and contributed to the emergence of new forms of dissent. Data for this paper come from a corpus of posts and comments published on a group of dissidents’ pages between 2011 and 2013. The methodology, informed by Barton and Lee’s (2013) mixed-method approach for the investigation of social media practices and Androtsoupolous’s (2007; 2013) online-centered ethnography, includes the analysis of texts and interviews with the authors and the readers. Findings are interpreted through Blommaert's (2007) notions of orders of indexicality and polycentricity, designed to investigate variation from the perspective of large social phenomena, such as migration, rather than as linguistic exception in putatively homogeneous speech communities. These concepts problematize previous conceptions of authority and prestige. The emergence of new prestigious forms in my data compete with previous prestigious forms valued within dominant linguistic ideology, such as ‘pure MSA’ and ‘pure Damascus Arabic’. It is argued that recent social and political events in Syria, such as conflict and migration, have led to the emergence of a hybrid style which problematizes and overthrows dominant linguistic ideology. By appropriating prior texts associated with distinct voices, the authors not only manage to construct a political stance of resistance and dissent, but also signal a distinct audience among their Facebook followers, who are stimulated to reflect on the meaning of the use of the hybrid variety. This study contributes to the literature on the Arab Spring and social media by showing how linguistic hybridity is deployed as an instrument of political activism to sustain dissent across an increasingly diasporic community and to enable a critical historical reflection of the conflict.
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