Abstract
The obsessions and anxieties of the late Ottoman state and society over adolescent female sexuality resulted in the emergence of various attempts for developing mediums to regulating it by the government and its ideological allies in medical and intellectual circles in a more pervasive form especially during the Balkan Wars (1912-13) and World War I. (1914-18). During the years corresponding to these two socially destructive events, the wartime government’s pronatalist policies, which was based on the norms of heterosexual sex and conjugal bonds between a man and a woman, emerged as one of the main priorities in the state’s political agenda to cope with the war effort. This increased importance of encouraging reproductive sex as an extension of the wartime politics of sexuality caused to the condemnation of any form of sexual behavior or desire falling outside of reproductive purposes. Among these, lesbianism or “sapphism,” the term deployed in the mid-twentieth century Ottoman medical and advice literature as a synonym of female same-sex behavior, was the most dangerous one that needed to be averted through a collaboration of state, school, medicine, and parents. At the very source of this vice, according to the prominent male pedagogues, medical experts, and literary men of the time, was the “improper intimacies” that occur between two adolescent girls or an adult woman or teenage girl at schools and public realms such as cafes, factories, and theaters that were not "proper places" for "decent girls" to frequent.
Based on the context above, this paper analyzes the medical, political, and literary discourses on the female same-sex intimacies and their representation in the medical and literary advice manuals in the early-twentieth century Ottoman Empire. I argue that the political and social anxieties surrounding female same-sex affections, or “sapphist relations” as defined by the male elites of the time, was an extension of fear around uncontrolled female sexuality and its potential to undermine the patriarchal order of the Ottoman society. By using medical and literary texts published between 1912-1923, this paper discusses two questions: First, how did the wartime Ottoman politics and male elites perceive and define the female same-sex behaviors and friendship concerning adolescent sexuality? Second, how did the demonization of lesbian desires and intimacies resonate among the larger society? By investigating these questions, this paper analyzes the social and political receptions of female same-sex desire in the making of sexed imperial subjects.
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