The promulgation of the constitution in July 1908 spelled a new beginning for Ottomans, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, planting in them the hope for the establishment of a regime based on equality among the empire’s populations. In the aftermath of the Constitutional Revolution, the notion of equality permeated the lively debates over the definition of individual and communal rights. But the ubiquitous idea of equality carried conflicting connotations for Ottoman Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, and others. Despite differing on the definition of fundamental political concepts, there was one thing that Ottomans from various ethno-religious backgrounds agreed upon: under the new regime, everyone was equal not only in rights but in duties as well. Drawing on parliamentary minutes, state documents, memoirs, and newspapers in Greek and Ottoman Turkish, this paper addresses the post-constitutional debates over equality and imperial citizenship by focusing on the question of military conscription. The universal conscription as an idea received enthusiastic support of the Ottoman non-Muslims whereas its implementation attracted strong objections, particularly by Greeks. While the leading members of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) presented the universal draft as a policy that would unite all Ottoman nationalities, many Greeks approached the Unionist policy with profound misgivings and regarded it as a tool to weaken the distinctive characteristics of their community. Through an examination of Greeks’ opposition to the CUP’s policy of conscription, this paper highlights different, and at times contradictory, interpretations of Ottomanism and explores the project of crafting an imperial identity based on the equality among Ottoman nationalities.