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Actors not Observers: Women and the Palestinian Revolution During Black September
Abstract
September 2020 commemorates the 50th anniversary of the limited war between Palestinian factions and the Jordanian Monarchy known as Black September. The events of Black September not only shaped the trajectory of the Palestinian liberation movement but also became a defining moment for Jordan’s nation-building project and foreign policy approach. However, despite the importance of Black September in both Jordanian and Palestinian histories and the passing of fifty years since its occurrence, it remains an understudied episode. The limited literature on Black September tends to analyze the event through a top-down approach that centers the states involved (United States, Israeli, Jordan, Egypt) and the Palestinian factions (Quandt, 1978, Sayigh, 1999, Maraka, 2016). These accounts sideline people’s lived experiences during the conflict. Based on oral histories and memoirs, this paper will center the voices of ordinary citizens as actors rather than passive observers of the limited war. It argues that the localized networks and ground-level acts of resistance were influential factors in both the unfolding of the events as well as the diverse ways in which Black September is enshrined within people’s memory. My analysis of the local and everyday dimensions that shaped the limited war emerges primarily through an analysis of women’s participation in the unfolding events, which has been silenced by top-down historical accounts. Oral histories and published memoirs show that women were engaged in all kinds of actions, including but not restricted to, fighting, hiding cadres and weapons in their homes, smuggling supplies from the West Bank to Amman, providing medical care for fighters, and fundraising in support of the different Palestinian factions fighting on the ground. Examining women’s activism complicates normative approaches to what we conceive of as “political” and therefore worthy of historical inclusion. Furthermore, writing the participation of women into history challenges the representation of women in the Arab world as inactive, docile, and observers rather than actors in the face of war.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Palestine
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries