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Arab Youths’ Sense of Belonging to Canada: Integrated and Hyphenated Identities
Abstract
As of 2016, 81% of Canada’s self-identified Arab population were concentrated in provinces of Ontario and Quebec, primarily nestled in cosmopolitan city areas such as Montreal, Ottawa-Gatineau and Toronto and is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnocultural groups in the country. Canadians of Arab descent are also among the youngest with a median age of 30.2 years old. As crisis in the Middle East saw millions take part in mass global migration from the region into Western countries, we investigate the premise of cultural reductionists who have questioned Arabs’ integration, identity formation and sense of belonging to Western values and nations. We surveyed nearly 1000 Arab youth across 12 Canadian cities, coast to coast, to get a clear sense of how they navigate their identities between their ethnocultural roots and their sense of belonging as members of the Canadian community. In addition to the data collected through the survey, this study also gathered qualitative data in focus groups held in Ottawa and Montreal (where Arabs represent the second largest visible minority group in each city) to augment our quantitative findings and to capture other dimensions of the intended research and validate the survey findings. We found that among factors that influence the balance between maintaining their ethnic Arab identity and adopting a civic Canadian identity are, but not limited to: age, familial relationships, connections with country of origin, consumption of Arab media, language proficiency, experience with discrimination, and other socialization factors and practices. Highlighting the empirical illustrations of acculturation, this paper will expand the discussion beyond these frameworks by asking how to mitigate this tension between ethnic identity and civic/national identity. We utilize mixed methods to illustrate the complex personal decisions and voices of Arab youth within Canada. We argue that Arab Canadians embody the idea of transnational citizenship which connotes strong connections to homeland while simultaneously holding strong civic values to being Canadian. With transnationalism, ethnocultural minorities are less likely to discard the socio-cultural identity of their origin country. As Arab-Canadian youth use modern technologies to stay connected to homelands, they also keep their identity as they navigate a sense of belonging to their new country. These findings indicated that instead of this transnational community abandoning their old identities, they form hyphenated identities, integrate well into Canadian society, mix their cultural practices in their new societies, and contribute to the broader notions of Canadian multiculturalism.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
None
Sub Area
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