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Syrians’ Repatriation and the Arab League: Unpacking Arab Nationalism and Post-Colonialism in the Contemporary Levant
Abstract
More than ten years after the Syrian civil war forced millions to seek refuge in neighboring states, these regional hosting states (RHS), like Jordan and Lebanon, are increasingly stressing the need for refugee returns. As one initial step, Syria was recently readmitted into the League of Arab States (Arab League) to find an "Arab solution" to the Syrian Crisis – after Jordan had strongly advocated doing so. Using repatriation in the Syrian Crisis as a case study (2011-2023), this paper unpacks the role of the Arab League as a regional intergovernmental organization in enabling refugee repatriation to Syria. In doing so, it also untangles related questions around Arab nationalism and post-colonialism in the Levant by contrasting the Arab League's origins to its role nowadays. The paper draws on primary and secondary data in English and Arabic (including policy papers and press releases) and semi-structured interviews with Arab League officials and Jordanian government representatives while analyzing the data through critical discourse analysis. Thus far, much of the existing literature on migration diplomacy in the Middle East has focused on the refugees' commodification to extract rents from Global Northern countries and international organizations. In contrast, regional actors' agency beyond rent extraction remains largely ignored. The paper argues that the Arab League's role in the region has been altered over time. While its origins may have been closely linked to Arab nationalism and colonial resistance, its actions nowadays are primarily driven by individual states' political and economic interests – given that studies indicate most refugees do not want to return to Syria at this point, and their return confirms colonially established borders. In contrasting the League's role and actions with that of other multilateral actors from outside the region, such as the European Union and the United Nations, the paper highlights how Arab states have attempted to use the League as an alternative pathway for individual policy goals in addition to complementing and challenging existing, primarily Western-driven pathways of policymaking vis-à-vis forced migration. Thus, by analyzing an inter-regional approach to migration diplomacy, the paper points towards pathways for future research, highlighting the agency of Arab States beyond refugee commodification for rent extraction and policy concessions.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
Arab States
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Lebanon
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Sub Area
None