Abstract
"Social media,” Saudi artist Abdullah al-Shehri (known as Shaweesh) observes, is the “best tool we have available to showcase and express our art,” because it allows millions of Saudis to share and comment on a given work of art simultaneously. Building on this insight, I argue that Saudi artists, who have among the largest followings on Saudi social media, have used the online public sphere to build a new social movement. They have adopted a role akin to Antonio Gramsci’s concept of organic intellectuals—namely, men and women who are not part of the traditional intellectual elite, but who, through the language of culture, articulate feelings and experiences the masses cannot easily express. Indeed, Ahmed Mater, another leading Saudi artist, seeks to live in the “grass roots” of his society’s “ecosystem”—a phrase that brings to mind the term “organic”— and serve as “a networker, sharing ownership of ideas and images with many others.” To paraphrase Marshall McLuhan (1964), the work of Saudi artists is not “mere self-expression” but the “distant early warning system that can always be relied upon to tell the old culture what is beginning to happen to it.”
In this paper, I draw from my extensive research on Saudi art (2012-present). I highlight works such as Haw?jis—a YouTube video in which four Saudi women mock Saudi men and the country’s restrictions on women’s rights. Presciently, Haw?jis, which has 19 million views online, was released on December 23, 2016—almost nine months to the day before King Salman announced that he was lifting the restriction on women driving in Saudi Arabia. Further, I contextualize my argument through the works of Levine (2008, 2016) and Ménoret (2004) on the role of art in Arab politics along with the recent works of Wheeler (2017) and Zayani (2015), especially Zayani’s insights on the importance of online media and other “less formal spaces” of everyday social engagement. Rather than viewing online engagement as political opposition, my work on Saudi artists helps us see that online media can have a very different role—one that is both clear and sophisticated without being confrontational toward the Saudi state and political system. In sum, in a country that lacks a free press or national participatory politics, the online work of artists provides us with a fresh view of how Saudis discuss the key issues impacting their lives.
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