Abstract
Since the end of the past century, France’s pull factor for Maghrebi migrant-hopefuls has gradually weakened. In turn, there has been an increase in migrations at the margin of the traditional Maghreb-France axis, to neighboring countries such as Spain, Italy, Belgium, etc. These ex-centric migrations also include return migrations of retired migrants and, surprisingly, also of their offspring who were born in Europe. The Maghreb has indeed become an Eldorado of sorts for disillusioned European citizens of Maghrebi descent living in countries north of the Mediterranean.
The centering of the Maghreb has taken form at many levels, including identitarian, economic, professional, infrastructural and geopolitical. For example, since the financial crisis Morocco has made it on the world’s radar as a place of successful start-ups offering professional opportunities to Europeans who have migrated south. The kingdom has also become a host country to a growing number of sub-Saharan Africans who, instead of viewing Morocco as merely a place of transit, have instead settled there. Infamous for being the site of departure for thousands of migrant hopefuls embarking on rickety dinghies and perishing in their attempts to cross the Strait of Gibraltar for the last forty years, Tangier engaged in the Pharaonic project of expanding its harbor with the aim of turning it into a mega marina and one of the major sites of attraction for cruise lines in the Mediterranean.
I argue that ex-centering migrations and the recent centering of the Maghreb have interested artists who have imagined or (re-)presented the Maghreb as an immigration site, thus questioning common conceptions of it exclusively as a set of “sending countries.” After discussing the evolution of ex-centered migrations (away from France) I will illustrate my contention that the Maghreb has been conceptualized as an alternative pull center with examples of real-life southward migrations to Morocco and Algeria as well as through literary and cinematic analyses and analyses of songs within two musical genres, namely, the established Algerian-Moroccan Raï and the more recent Maghrebi-French Raï N’B, which have both often condemned emigration, embraced patriotic and nostalgic sentiments and advocated for a return “home.”
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