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Questioning Hashemite Jordan: Spatial Dimensions of Protest in and against the Hashemite Kingdom
Abstract
In this paper, I provide a study of protest and rebellion in Jordan, turning the conventional narrative of Hashemite state-making on its head. Instead of the new nation being carved from former Ottoman territories by force at the whims of Great Britain, the Hashemite state was consolidated only by appeasing and cooping raucous dissent. While British forces used violence to put down rebellions, those who rebelled were still subsequently incorporated into the new nation through a combination of employment opportunities, land reform, and cash payments. Rebellion brought results and even affected the emerging state’s political geography: Rather than establishing a capital in one of the existing towns, Emir Abdullah opted to settle in Amman, a small town bereft of the kind of powerful tribal leadership behind rebellions elsewhere in Transjordanian area. After presenting a protest-oriented alternative to the Hashemite-centric narrative of Jordanian state-making, I examine the resurgence of protest in the years following the period of Arab uprisings. With increasing frequency, Jordanians are crossing redlines that they had previously honored. At some protests organized by prominent East Bank tribal leaders who are supposedly part of the regime’s loyal support base, chants and banners explicitly call for the end of the monarchy. I examine the spatialities of protests as they are situated in the built environment, leveraging the theoretical literature on networks, spatial imaginaries, space and place-making, and political geographies at local, national, regional, and global scales. I examine the evolving spaces and repertoires of resistance—including virtual spaces. I explore how proximity to Amman enabled deeper connections between new groups of activists compared with activists residing farther south. I also show how a new tactic for East Bank unemployment protesters—marching on foot to the capital to demand jobs outside the Royal Court—entailed a significant innovation in the spatial dynamics of protest repertoires as well as movement to a more contentious space symbolizing not the government but the regime itself. Original empirical material comes from field research in Jordan from 1995 to 2020. Methods include elite interviews, ethnographies of protests, and public ethnographies of material space. I attended some three-dozen protests; interviewed more than a hundred activists; attended meetings where activists planned protests; and interviewed security officials, government officials, journalists, and members of political parties and professional associations.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
Jordan
Sub Area
Urban Studies