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Kurdish Prison Literature Goes Mainstream in Turkey
Abstract
In his 2019 Washington Post article, “From Turkey’s bursting prisons, literature breaks out”, Kareem Fahim writes, “As surely as dissidents have been locked up throughout Turkey’s turbulent modern history, their words — poems, memoirs, fiction and even screenplays — have managed to break out.” But even before the government’s “frenetic” crackdown put thousands of people behind bars, setting off “a sullen publishing boom”, Maureen Freely had examined the prison imaginary in Turkish literature, likening Orhan Pamuk and Elif Şafak’s brushes with the Turkish law to the prison experiences of their left-wing predecessors, Nâzım Hikmet and Orhan Kemal. More recently, Freely wrote in the introduction to the English-language edition of Dawn (2019), a collection of short stories by Selahattin Demirtaş, an imprisoned human rights lawyer and the former co-chair of Turkey’s second-largest opposition party, that “running alongside Turkey’s grand tradition of writing resistance is a grand tradition of reading it.” Yet, Turkey’s Kurdish writers have far more often encountered censorship of their prison narratives due to their choice of language and content considered by prison authorities or publishers to be overly provocative. As a result, memoirs such as Mehmet Uzun’s Tu (1985) and Leyla Zana’s Writings from Prison (1999) were published outside of Turkey and only much later made available to a Turkish-language audience. In the last twenty years, however, as more Kurdish writers have successfully navigated Turkey’s fraught literary publishing industry, two of them have secured a mainstream domestic audience for their prison narratives: Burhan Sönmez, with İstanbul İstanbul (2015), and Kemal Varol, with Kara Sis (2021). In this paper, I examine these early and later works’ most salient narratological features as well as the varying socio-political contexts and publishing landscapes in which they were produced, distributed, and read. In articulating Sönmez and Varol’s “formula for success” and its implications, I employ multiple methodologies: close reading, qualitative analysis of reception discourse, and direct interviews with the authors and publishers. I conclude that Sönmez and Varol have been deemed more palatable by their (Turkish) publishers in part because they do not see themselves as writing for the (Kurdish) people, let alone the struggle. Their emphasis instead on the primacy of the imagination and the importance about the world as they themselves see it, unimpeded by ideology, should not be interpreted as regrettable assimilation into the dominant literary culture, but rather, as evidence of their measured embrace of post-capitalist individualism.
Discipline
Literature
Geographic Area
Turkey
Sub Area
Kurdish Studies