Abstract
A result of the worldwide increase of right-wing populist movements has been the apparent normalization of public information that assigns gender stereotypes, portraying women in public positions as unreliable, irrational, libidinous, and unintelligent. Social media has facilitated the spread of this biased and false information, which is used to target and harass women, aiming to intimidate and humiliate them by means of psychological violence, ultimately diminishing their public presence. Nevertheless, there is a lack of detailed research on hate speech towards Muslim minorities on social media in India, specifically regarding the prevalent harassment of women in public positions, despite numerous documented examples of such incidents. Since the Bhartiya Janata Party's (BJP) rise in 2014, women journalists critical of regional governments have been subjected to increased attacks online. In 2022, Neo Nazi-inspired alt-right groups created Bulli Bai, an app for fake online auctions of Muslim women in India, intending to denigrate and harass minorities (Ghazi & Farrukh, 2022). In particular, Rana Ayyub, the Washington Post journalist, has been a target of these harassments and attacks in recent years (Menon, 2019). The paper also analyses the hate crime generated by the secret app Tek Fog used by BJP supporters to spread right-wing propaganda online. By utilizing techniques such as network analysis, keyword analysis, and open-source intelligence, this paper aims to draw attention to a specific attack and demonstrate the growing use of misinformation and disinformation to silence journalists. This type of research can be helpful in illustrating the frequency, volume, and discourse of attacks that seek to limit the visibility of women online. The study also examines a possible method for these attacks, which involves 1) releasing information through anonymous accounts. 2) use of loyalist influencers or those who have been co-opted to spread the attacks. 3) the participation of uncritical local media outlets that amplify the attacks. From a transformative perspective, it is crucial to document, expose, and analyze these attacks in order to provide evidence of the abuse. Additionally, this research highlights the challenges posed by such abuse in authoritarian regimes, which stifle online discourse unless it aligns with state propaganda.
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