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Rediscovering Suhrawardi: The Evidence of Manuscripts and Texts
Abstract
It is well known now, as it was not seventy years ago, that the philosopher Shihab al-Din Yahya Suhrawardi represented a decisive turning point in the history of Islamic philosophy with his embrace of mysticism, his Platonism, and his incisive and still debated critique of Aristotelian and Avicennan metaphysics. However, this influence was not exercised immediately. Given that Suhrawardi's life was cut short in Aleppo at the orders of the great Saladin, it is not surprising that evidence of philosophical responses from his lifetime and soon after are sparse, almost entirely limited to accounts of his eccentric life. No autograph manuscripts are known, though one manuscript of his most famous work, The Philosophy of Illumination, plausibly claims to have been copied from a copy read to the author. Manuscripts from the decades immediately after his death are few and confined to only a few of his works and a narrow geographical range in northern Syria and central Anatolia, areas where he was known to have travelled during his adult years. About seventy years after his death, there is an explosion of interest in his work, apparently triggered by the Baghdad Jewish philosopher Ibn Kammuna, followed by the rather mysterious figure Shams al-Din al-Shahrazuri, each of whom wrote commentaries on works of Suhrawardi as well as substantial works influenced by him. We can date his addition to the philosophical canon to no later than the early 1330s, when a comprehensive manuscript of his works, Ragip Pasa 1480, was copied in Baghdad. The manuscript record also allows us to trace what was and was not read, when, and in what form, thus giving us indications of how Suhrawardi was understood. Two of his major works, The Philosophy of Illumination and the Talwihat, a work written in what he called "the Peripatetic mode," were widely read but usually through commentaries. A short work, Hayakil al-Nur, seems to have used as an elementary philosophical textbook in certain periods. His Persian allegories, widely read today, were almost unknown, in part only through two manuscripts of eastern Iranian provenance. thus providing evidence that these were works of Suhrawardi's youth and thus providing a corrective to modern scholarship that puts them at the center of his canon. This paper is based on a review of over a thousand known manuscripts related to Suhrawardi and his school.
Discipline
Philosophy
Geographic Area
Iran
Sub Area
7th-13th Centuries