Abstract
How do autocratic regimes attract and maintain women’s support? This paper will explore the mechanisms of autocratic bargain with women through the examination of the welfare transfers took during the Justice and Development Party’s rule (Adalet ve Kalk?nma Partisi-AKP) in Turkey, 2002 to present. The Turkish case is significant for two reasons. First, the Turkish case is archetypical in demonstrating women’s support for an autocratic regime because as women constitute the majority of AKP’s supporters. Second, the AKP has a long record in government, which enables one to study trends that emerge over time. The examination of the Turkish case relies on original data collected during the fieldwork in the summers of 2013 and 2014. The primary sources consist of both qualitative and quantitative sources. The former includes interviews, party and government documents, brochures, reports, bills and laws, and speeches by the top brass while the latter, quantitative data, is the micro-level Household Surveys between 2003-2016 by Turkish Statistical Institute (Türk ?statistik Enstitüsü— TÜ?K). Through the examination of sources in Turkish and English and mixed method, this article argues that the arguments about institutional arrangements to increase women’s representation, such as quotas and reserved seats, fall short in explaining the mechanisms of autocratic appeal to women in Turkey. Rather, a meticulously tailored combination of clientelist distribution of material benefits, such as cash and in-kind transfers, which target women of a certain class, and non-material benefits, such as the creation of an Islamic social network that provides women with emotional and social support, are at play. It should be emphasized that both processes, namely the distribution of material benefits as well as the creation of an Islamic community, are closely tied to the economic liberalization that has undermined women’s economic power as well as diminished a sense of community. Put simply, autocratic regimes have benefited from the declining social safety nets as they enable autocrats to distribute clientelist welfare transfers that are selective and gendered.
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