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Who Really Wrote the Ottoman Turkish Story of Hallaj?
Abstract
In his monumental Passion of al-Hallaj Louis Massignon discussed the survival, in Turkish speaking lands, of the memory of Husayn b. Mansur, martyred in 922 in Baghdad. Among several others, Massignon called particular attention to two men, "Ahmedi" and "Müridi", who had composed narrative poems on the subject of Hallaj's martyrdom. He speculated on the relationship of the two poems and noted, also, a third poet, "Niyazi", perhaps involved in perpetuating the tradition. More recent research in Turkey has focused on the obscure Niyazi as the originator of that tradition. Scholars have failed to notice a long poem by the prominent 15th century Anatolian Turkish mystic Eşrefoğlu Rumi, a poem whose text is the likely source for the others. His Nasa'ih ["Counsels"], should now be recognized as the earliest Ottoman Turkish accounting of the last years of Hallaj's life. Eşrefoğlu's mesnevi underscores his apparent self-identification with Hallaj, already clear from well known passages in his Divan. Since Eşrefoğlu was himself said to have been killed, the Nasa'ih prompts speculation as to the circumstances and agency of his death This paper briefly reviews the Turkish tradition of Mansurnames, identifies previously ignored manuscript sources (besides the Nasa'ih), and considers the implications of the perpetuation of a particular memory of Hallaj at the height of the Ottoman Empire. I will also consider the seeming paradox presented by the apparent anonymity of Eşrefoğlu's composition (and the scarcity of copies of his work) in contrast to the later multiple authorship (and wide diffusion) of subsequent narratives.
Discipline
Literature
Geographic Area
Ottoman Empire
Sub Area
13th-18th Centuries