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Audacity as Resistance: Shedding Light on Ordinary not Revolutionary Egyptian Women's Feminist Resistance
Abstract
Recent scholarly attention to Egyptian women’s feminist resistance has narrowly focused on revolution-related and/or organized activism, which overshadows other factors that awakened Egyptian women’s feminist defiance. Addressing this omission, this paper asks: what patterns of unorganized and/or non-revolution related feminist resistance have Egyptian women been publicly partaking in, prior to and after the revolution? What are their motivations and repercussions? Drawing on 12 semi-structured interviews with Cairene women in 2017, I employ feminist theory and (everyday) resistance studies to argue that women’s actions to claim rights to public space are audacious acts of ordinary feminist resistance, that they pre-date the revolution and are not always inspired by it, and that these audacities alter gender roles and relations in Cairo’s public space. This paper is built upon three concepts: audacity, the ordinary, and the revolutionary. The first two reframe everyday acts that women “unabashedly” carry out in Cairo’s public sphere, which normative discourses deem inappropriate, immoral or shameful. As women take up space for themselves, the dichotomy of masculine/public and feminine/private gradually collapses since their audacities challenge society’s standards of normative femininity. These audacities belong to categories I define as ordinary feminist resistance in public space, such as pursuing pleasure, acts of self-preservation, and the right to be in the public eye. By revolutionary, on the other hand, I mean two things: any feminist activism or resistance that occurred during the revolution, and any kind of coordinated and organized campaigning that the revolution subsequently inspired. In contrasting the ordinary with the revolutionary, I separate feminist resistances that are not related to the revolution and resistances that may have been inspired by the revolution but are quotidian actions that may seem unremarkable; they are not organized or part of a group. My focus on the ordinary enables a unique integration of literature that sheds light on women’s resistances in the public sphere in the Global South and feminist literature that challenges the public/private, masculine/feminine dichotomy in the MENA region. Furthermore, I challenge views casting the revolutionary alone as audacious. My focus claims a reconsideration of the ordinary itself as audacious. Finally, this paper foregrounds a type of resistance that normalizes Egyptian women’s appearance in public in ordinary everyday life, which, I argue, is a pertinent prerequisite to their (explicit and organized) political participation, which the state has cracked down on through repressive measures such as forced closures of NGOs and virginity tests.
Discipline
Sociology
Geographic Area
Egypt
Sub Area
Gender/Women's Studies