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In the Market for US Citizenship: Class Distinctions and Insecurity in Turkey
Abstract
This paper explores a new practice of citizenship, diffusing among middle and upper classes in Turkey. Making use of the tradition of birthright citizenship, increasing numbers of families from these classes choose to give birth to their children in the United States with the purpose of obtaining US citizenship for them. Based on interviews with these families, the paper approaches this practice from a class perspective and contextualizes it in the contemporary political and economic conditions in Turkey. These actors’ economic privileges are tied to the local context as they have benefited disproportionately from the consolidation of neoliberal market economies. Furthermore, the intensification of Turkey’s ties to international capital has contributed to their transnational experiences, as a result of which they can juggle identities and compare opportunities, national and beyond. The paper argues that the strategy of obtaining US passports for the children emerges out of these conditions, but is more the result of insecurities integral to them. On the one hand, despite their relatively comfortable existence, these actors constantly fear the loss of their class positions given the growing authoritarian tendencies of the government as well as the history of sudden economic downturns. On the other hand, these groups often feel trapped between their national consciousness and transnational opportunities, and experience; as a result, what Edward Said has called the “generalized condition of homelessness.” Thus, the children’s US citizenship works as an insurance against perceived political and economic risks in Turkey and is imagined as an exit strategy for the children in case families confront a significant loss of class position. The US citizenship is also a status symbol in the domestic context. The families envisage the US citizenship’s international advantages such as global mobility and protection as a marker that separates them from others in the local context, evidencing their membership in a transnational, upwardly mobile class. The paper concludes with a discussion on the ambiguities and limitations of this strategy, which neither resolves anxieties nor contributes to a meaningful engagement with the political transformations in the institution of citizenship in the context of the neoliberal turn.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
Turkey
Sub Area
Globalization