Based on eighteen months of ethnographic research among Syrian refugee-farmworkers in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley, this paper traces what I call the “agrarian question of debt” from a feminist perspective. I argue that Syrian farmworkers’ loss of seasonal cross-border mobility throughout the war was a protracted crisis of reproduction, deepening their dependence upon debt-based labor arrangements, especially shāwīsh (camp headmen), who lend credit, housing, and services in exchange for agricultural work commitments. The paper analyzes how debt shaped struggles over the gendered division of labor within multi-generational Syrian families residing in shāwīsh camps. On the one hand, their mounting debts reflected a process of proletarianization, as wartime displacement pushed many women out of subsistence agriculture in Syria and into low-paid waged work as refugees in Lebanon. On the other hand, I show how struggles over divisions of labor were also tied up in the temporal pressures of debt itself, which involved constant negotiation between immediate reproductive needs and longer-term preparations for return to Syria. This paper also shows how these struggles were shaped by wartime constraints on Syrians’ mobility. For increasingly criminalized Syrian men, shāwīsh camps often became a safe place to wait out slack periods in the urban labor market, avoid the looming threat of detention by Lebanese authorities, and shield themselves from the indignity of what was often understood as “women’s work” in agriculture. Meanwhile, their female kin’s labor sustained the family’s baseline everyday survival, including absorbing the costs of men’s underemployment, through their continuous labor in the fields and in the home. In turn, unmarried women’s labor was valued as a difficult tradeoff between their long-term contribution to the household in the form of their agricultural wages and unremunerated labor, and the substantial short-term infusion of cash their family could obtain from the value of their bridewealth upon marriage. By tracing these connections between labor immobility, household debt, and (re)productive labor in the lives of Syrian refugee farmworkers, this paper brings a feminist analysis to a classic agrarian question: what causes rural indebtedness and what kinds of inequalities does debt produce? Going beyond the Marxist account of primitive accumulation, I show how agrarian debt is not only a linear process of expropriation whereby producers are divorced from their means of production and forced to sell their labor, but also a distinctly gendered, multidirectional struggle over the shifting value of reproductive labor within rural families.