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Print-Patronage: Parsi Textual Philanthropy and the Revival of Zoroastrianism in Early 20th Century Iran
Abstract
This paper will analyze the role played by Bombay-based Zoroastrian philanthropic societies in promoting a renewed interest in Iran’s pre-Islamic heritage among early twentieth century Iranians. It will focus on one of the principal methods by which this interest was promoted: the production and export of “neo-Zoroastrian” texts from Bombay to the “reading markets” of Iran. The production of a wide variety of Zoroastrian-themed texts meant for export to Iran became a major preoccupation of Bombay-based Parsi philanthropic societies during the early twentieth century. The texts produced and exported by these philanthropic societies included general histories of pre-Islamic Iran, other texts detailing the Zoroastrian exodus from Iran to Gujarat following the Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran in the seventh century, translations (into modern Persian) of Avestan texts long unreadable and unavailable to Iranians, and Zoroastrian-themed periodicals produced in Iran but sponsored through Parsi philanthropy. The history of the production and circulation of these texts will be the subject of this paper. As a growing body of scholarship has shown, the cultural, textual, and economic connections between Iran and India during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries played a profoundly important role in shaping a new Iranian national consciousness. This new Iranian national consciousness came to fruition in the 1920s and 1930s as the “official nationalism” of the newly consolidated Pahlavi state. This official nationalism was to a large extent based on the revival of pre-Islamic Iranian history and the shared religious, racial, and “civilizational” connections between Iran and India. The goal of this paper is to document the textual connections that made possible this new awareness of a shared history between Iran and India. Source material for the paper will include analyzing specific texts that were part of this project of “textual philanthropy.” The paper will also detail specific statements made by Parsis and Iranians about the importance of these texts in forging a new Iranian national consciousness. The paper will also argue that – in contrast to Benedict Anderson’s famous notion of “print-capitalism”—the economic practice of philanthropy, rather than capitalism, guided the role of print in the textual history of Iranian nationalism. In this context, I will argue that the role of print in the history of Iranian nationalism can better be understood through a concept that I will define as “print-patronage.”
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Indian Ocean Region
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries