Emigration of the Ottoman Greeks from Orthodox Russia to Muslim Anatolia in the 19th Century: The Case of Giresun The successive defeats of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the nineteenth century resulted in the migration of the millions of Muslims from Balkans and Caucasia to the remaining Ottoman lands, particularly to Anatolia. These Muslim immigrants left everything behind and desperately migrated for a new future with their fellow Muslims in Anatolia. A considerable literature gives detailed description of this story. However, none of the studies on the subject mentions that the immigrants to Anatolia were not all Muslims, but they also included Christians. That is to say, upon the Russian expansion in Caucasia and Crimea during the early and late nineteenth century, the Christian subjects of the Ottoman Empire in the region, particularly Greeks and to a lesser extent Georgians and other local Orthodox populations left the region with their Muslim neighbors. Contrary to what is usually supposed, these Christian communities did not all welcome the invading Russian armies, i.e. their fellow Christians, and a number of them headed towards the Ottoman lands on the south. As known, the migration of Muslim immigrants from the Balkans and Caucasia have considerably changed the traditional structure of Anatolia. Likewise, even if just a little, the Greek immigrants made a similar effect on the local Greek society in Black Sea region, by carrying their culture to the region. Thanks to the new comers, the social and demographic structure of the Greeks in the region showed a noticeable change. Although there were the cases that the immigrants came into conflict with local Muslims and Christians and with authorities, they also achieved joint undertakings with them. As the number of Greek immigrants increased, the Ottoman government established villages, schools and churches, allocated lands to them to settle and cultivate, and subsidized them with needed tools and materials. Within this framework, this study firstly examines the migration of Orthodox Greeks to Anatolia by analyzing the basic motives behind their puzzling preference of Anatolia. It also investigates the inclusion of the Greek immigrants into the Ottoman social life and their relation with local communities and authorities, in the case of Giresun (Kerasounde), a coastal town in eastern Black Sea region. The study mainly bases on the Ottoman official documents, census records, court and land registers as well as other related sources such as family memories and grave stones.