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Conducted Chaos: Frontiering Iraq’s Anbar Province
Abstract
Most farmers in the Anbar province of Iraq do not know about Order 81, one of 100 conditions of US withdrawal signed by Paul Bremer, which opened Iraq’s agricultural market to large agribusiness. Among other things, the Order entitles multinational corporations to patent indigenous seeds and prosecute farmers who save or harvest them, but most farmers never got the chance to break such a law. Since 2003, their lives were caught in a triangle of (counter)insurgency, displacement, and soil contamination that dispossessed Iraq of food sovereignty and implanted multinational corporations into the center of farming life. Most farmers report that by 2012 they were entirely dependent on fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides introduced by foreign companies after the US invasion, and that by 2014, most Anbari farmers lost unlimited access to their own land. Their explanation: conducted chaos. This paper explores chaos, not as a concept but as an imperial mechanism, one that frontiers space and opens zones of free market enterprise, without accountability to an emplaced local population or the regulatory obligations of state control. The case of Anbari farmers is one of many in which war opens new dependencies and new markets; and the case of agribusiness is just one thread of a broader imperial tapestry in Iraq. Positing that chaos and control are integrally linked, this paper asks: How does chaos influence the corporate value of a frontier? Is chaos a delay or accelerant in corporate expansion? How does Chaos function differently than the panoptical control of other colonial projects? I draw upon ethnographic fieldwork during 2014-2015, when I lived, travelled, and farmed with Anbari men. Incorporating the insights of Laleh Khalili, Naomi Klein, and Antonius Robbens, I consider what scholars like Foucault might think about a dearth of subjection, a dearth of disciplinary control, in the game of colonial domination.
Discipline
Anthropology
Geographic Area
Iraq
Sub Area
Colonialism