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Ottoman Imperial Legacies of Genocide and Denial in Turkey: Fearful Anticipation of ‘Disaster’ in Zaven Biberyan’s Novels from the 1960s
Abstract
A defining imperial legacy of the Ottoman imperiality for its successor state, the Republic of Turkey, was the Armenian genocide and its denial. From the 1920s onward, the shadow of a terrible crime against humanity and the fact that the perpetrators were unpunished (that they could “get away with the crime”) shaped the future roles of the communities as a code of (un)ethic in the society. Muslim Turks re-established their “colonizer” status as the “autochthonous nation” of the country, whereas “the natives”, namely Armenians, Greeks, Kurds, Assyrians, were pushed out of their homes, forced to leave the country, or else remained as unequal and unwanted citizens of the new republic, constantly victimized through denial. In the case of Armenian survivors of the genocide, once autonomous Armenian millet of the Ottoman polity was reduced to a mere “minority” in the nation-state, while they strived to survive in a hostage situation in the midst of denial, silence, and invisibility. Zaven Biberyan, born in 1921 in Kadıköy (İstanbul), was a critical Armenian intellectual and a great novelist, who resisted genocide denialism and struggled for the equality of non-Muslims in Turkey from the 1940s to the 1970s. Biberyan’s literary works from the 1960s portray the Armenian existence in the aftermath of the genocide and describe different forms of structural violence targeting non-Muslims both at “normal” times and when routine relations collapse during massacres and pogroms. As Veena Das puts it, those who lived through catastrophic moments of violence, must also face the future. Ahead of them was a terrifying task of continuing their lives among those who have been known to be actively involved in acts of murder, rape, and vandalism. Zaven Biberyan had clearly pointed out that the genocidal violence was not over, it was continuously reproduced. Biberyan delineates political pressures faced by Armenians on a routine basis; anti-Armenian attacks in the press, which stereotyped them as internal enemies; the normality and banality of racist attacks; and the complete silence surrounding it all. This paper discusses his three novels, The Slut (Lıgırdadzı, Armenian, 1959; Yalnızlar, Turkish, 1966), Penniless Lovers (Angudi Siraharnerı, Armenian, 1962), and The Sunset of the Ants (Mırçünneru Verçaluysı, Armenian, serialized, 1970), within the context of post-genocidal habitus of Armenians in Turkey.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Turkey
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries