Abstract
The Moroccan Islamic movement al-Adl wa-l-Ihsan (Justice and Spirituality), founded in 1985 by Shaykh Abdessalam Yassine, is in many ways unique in the broader spectrum of Islamism. In its core teachings, it combines Sufi practices with a strong political commitment in Morocco and the absolute rejection of the Moroccan monarch as commander of the faithful.
This paper examines transformations and continuities inside this movement in the context of migration to Spain. So far, the few studies on groups affiliated with al-Adl wa-l-Ihsan in Europe have concentrated on their relation to Moroccan politics. While there are good reasons for this focus, it is at least equally important to consider how activists from al-Adl wa-l-Ihsan position themselves self-consciously as Muslims in Spanish society and how they interact with other Muslim groups in the national space.
The beginning of the presence of AI-Adl wal-Ihsan in Spain in 2000 coincides with a period of important changes in Spain in terms of visibilization and organization of the Muslim communities. Partly due to the increasing number of immigrants from Muslims countries (mainly from Morocco) and the higher degree of organization of Muslim communities, and partly because of the new visibility of Islam after 9/11 and the Madrid attacks in 2004, the modes of functioning of Spanish Muslim associations, new actors are emerging and there is an increased public pressure for Muslims to interact with public authorities and civil society.
This paper examines recent developments in local Muslim associations set up by Moroccan immigrants linked to Al-Adl wa-l-Ihsan. Based on in-depth-interviews with these activists, the paper will explore how the movement’s commitment to Morocco and the umma interacts with the way they perceive and position themselves in the national context of Spain. Examining the discourse of the emerging leadership of this movement in Spain, I seek to understand how their political commitment and spiritual bond with the Moroccan guide incorporate and rework elements from the dominant discourse concerning the necessary adaptation of Islam to Spain. The focus will be on how the concept of suhba allows them maintaining their ties with Sheykh Yassin while at the same time developing different strategies for political and social participation in Spain that move them away from the Moroccan Jama’a.
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