Abstract
After at least two decades of promoting women’s entry in STEM fields, the United States still struggles to enroll females in undergraduate STEM majors. In engineering and computer science, for example, females still represent less than 20 percent of the undergraduate majors nationally. Many countries in the Arab world do not face the same gender gaps. In Jordan women make up 32 percent of all engineering students and in 2009-2010, females comprised 59 percent of computer engineering majors.
These patterns in Jordan reveal that the cultural and gendered biases that associate math, science and computing with males in the United States are not universal ones. Indeed, I have found no evidence of such bias in the Jordanian context. While particular workplaces may be deemed more suitable to females, the notion that math, science, or computing fields are more suitable to males than females is rare. Furthermore, structural factors in the educational sector encourage women to enter STEM fields, particularly women who are academically successful (by all educational measures available to us, females are outperforming males academically across all disciplines in Jordan).
While the overall labor force participation rates for women are relatively low, the rates of labor force participation are significantly higher for single university educated women. Drawing on two national micro data sets, as well as multi-year qualitative research on internal labor migration of professional women in Jordan, this paper examines the pathways of women from educational institutions where they are well represented in STEM fields to the workplace. The paper draws on the quantitative data to paint a broader picture of women’s employment in STEM related fields, and in higher-level positions associated with these fields. Building on this context, the paper will then focus on the experiences of women living in the provinces who not only work in these fields but also migrate away from their families to live independently in Amman for work.
The experiences of these women, while not broadly representative, are indicative of important shifts underway in the labor market, and the ways in which women are taking advantage of these shifts. Finally, the paper will examine the socio-cultural effects of female professional labor migration, and the ways in which they are indicative of gendered labor transformations that are not visible when we rely on national labor demographics.
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