Abstract
The politics of unruly uprisings in Egypt
This paper investigates the nature of the agency and drivers of citizens who participated in the 30th of June uprisings against the Morsi regime in Egypt and the relationships in which they were embedded. While the agency, motives and goals of supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood to stage protests in support of the President are understandable (in terms of defending the legitimacy of the regime that they voted into power), what is perplexing is what drove citizens to rise en masse against a regime that has only been in power for a year.
The paper is premised on a mixed method methodology implemented between October 2013 and Jan 2014 involving a survey of 2,400+ citizens who revolted on the 30th of June, selected using cluster sampling (to take into demographic dimensions). Trained local researchers used snowballing to identify participants. The research was complemented with 12 focus groups undertaken in six governorates (Cairo, Alexandria, Fayoum, Beni Suef, Minya, Qena) in 33 communities nationwide in order to provide more nuanced and in-depth examination of emerging findings and capture perspective and citizen viewpoints.
The paper offers some ground breaking findings regarding what drove citizens to protest, what they intended to achieve, who influenced their decision to take part, how mobilization occurred and their profile in terms of prior political action, voting preferences, age, gender, income and educational levels. In analysing the data, the paper proposes “unruly politics” as an analytical lens through which to examine the pulse of the citizenry. Unruly politics framework focuses on modalities of political action that generally escape conventional governance thinking in terms of democratic engagement and working from within the system. Unruly politics may provide some inroads in understanding dynamics of mobilization that go beyond perceiving citizens as constituencies/members/followers of social movements, political parties or leaders. While there has been a burgeoning body of scholarship offering important analytical perspectives on macro-dynamics of regime ruptures, the contribution of this paper will be to provide insights on the revolts of the 30th of June “from below” by presenting analysis informed by an approach based on critically “seeing like citizens”.
The findings ultimately have bearings on understanding ruptures and revolts, democratization and collective action.
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