This paper analyzes how surveillance was enacted and spread through discourses of faith and superstitious practices in Malta among enslaved peoples and criminals beginning in the 18th century. The paper investigates how the projection of sovereign power and the surveillance of enslavement operated through religious mechanisms and collectives, such as healthcare provided by The Order of St. John’s for Muslim slaves (Cassar, 2012). At the same time, it examines how spiritual and superstitious practices of Muslim slaves functioned as gestures of solidarity, resistance, and fugitivity intended to subvert sovereign power and challenge penitentiary practices of discipline (such as torture and forced labor to fuel the archipelago’s war industries). Special attention is paid to the intersections of slavery, superstition, and religion in criminalized contexts – from Muslim prayer spaces in dungeons to Arab and Turkish slaves writing love potions and magic spells for criminals. In the paper’s discussion of witchcraft charges, slides of “confiscated” magic spells from the Inquisitor’s Palace in Valletta will be shared. The paper’s exploration of faith-based piety (Baron, 2014) that was embodied and enacted within contexts of criminality explains how individual and collective spiritual practices shaped subjects but also helped forge subversive bonds across religious and class lines. Thus, the paper traces how faith-based relations and spaces gave rise to the Muslim slave revolt of 1749 and reveals the impact of the surveillance mechanisms implemented in its wake on Malta and Europe as a whole. The paper concludes by looking at how carceral spaces in Malta today are curated for the tourist “gaze,” a modern mechanism of surveillance, with emphasis on how the Arab period is portrayed through dioramas of various tortures and forced humiliations. The paper concludes by noting how the western study of the Mediterranean world has been shaped by the biases of modern secularism (Asad, 1993 & 2003; Bruce, 2002 & 2006; Taylor, 2007) and, as a result, various forces and forms of surveillance in the Maltese archipelago have been denied adequate scholarly attention. Thus, this paper on surveillance in medieval Malta will provide a rare glimpse into the production of faith-based collectivities, practices, and relations in the late Ottoman world that have been largely neglected in scholarship.