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The Many Languages of Trauma: Trauma, Multilingualism, and Identity in Iran-Iraq War Memoirs
Abstract
Multilingual narratives are a largely unexplored aspect of war memoirs in Iran (1980-present). Iran-Iraq war literature is mostly narrated by and centered around a male-Shi’a-Persian-speaking narrator. Even literary works that are produced by ethnic minorities during and after the war are mostly written in Persian, the official language of Iran. Nevertheless, there are moments in these texts that ethnic languages find a transient space to emerge and remain “untranslated.” Focusing on Da: Kh?ter?t-e Seyyedeh Zahra Hosseini (2008) and Nooreddin, Pesar-e Iran: Kh?terat-e Seyyed Nooreddin-e Afi (2011), this article argues that the emergence of minor languages provides a possibility to trace the implications of multilingualism and its relation to war trauma in Iranian official war literature. The momentary emergence of minor languages, particularly at the sites of trauma—losing a loved one, a limb, or homeland—allows us to examine the ways through which the “invisible” war trauma challenges the “monolingual” narrative of the war. Moreover, this linguistic shift contests the constructed homogenous notion of Iranian identity. Code-switching mostly happens when narrators of these books attempt to communicate their physical and psychological traumas of loss. Such language alternation between Persian and minor languages happens on both syntactic and semantic levels. It is sometimes a word, a phrase, a full sentence, or a line of a poem in their mother tongue that emerges in the Persian text and remains unintelligible for the monolingual-Persian speaker reader. Switching to their mother tongues, the narrators address a new interlocutor and a new community—a collectivity that is not centered around an exclusive and monolithic notion of Iranian identity and national language. In this shift, a new form of relationality both paves the way for working through trauma and addresses the plurality of hyphenated identities in Iran.
Discipline
Literature
Geographic Area
Iran
Sub Area
None