A comprehensive investigation into rural demography and land use changes in the Bursa Region from 1840 to 1980 is presented in this study. The availability of modern geospatial datasets like Google Earth Engine and the Global Human Settlement Layer has primarily focused on the latter part of the 20th century, posing challenges in understanding historical shifts in population distribution and land cover practices. Although historical cadastral maps offer detailed land use information, their availability for the Ottoman era was limited to a few pilot studies. Conversely, contemporary textual documentation in survey or census formats, such as Ottoman population and tax registers from the 1840s, lacks spatial context, impeding interdisciplinary analysis of demographic and economic trends in Anatolia over the long term. In this paper, we focus on investigating long-term land use and land cover changes in relation to historical population and agricultural dynamics in the Bursa region, encompassing both its urban center and surrounding rural areas. To facilitate our research, we have acquired aerial photos from the 1950s, which we have mosaicked and orthorectified for our study area. Additionally, we have access to Hexagon KH-9 reconnaissance satellite imagery that covered our research area during its operation from 1971 to 1986. We have also obtained 1980s Hexagon imagery for our study area. In conjunction with these imagery resources, we have geotagged historical population data for all populated places in our region of interest in Bursa for several cross-sections throughout the entire period. By integrating semantically segmented land use and land cover maps from the mid-1950s and the 1980s, along with population data and incorporating mid-nineteenth century demographic and economic data extracted from Ottoman population (nüfus) and tax registers (temettuat), we aim to construct an extended geospatial dataset encompassing both agricultural and demographic information from the 1840s to the 1980s. Our chosen region has witnessed significant historical events, including military conflicts, political transitions, nation-state formation, and social engineering initiatives. In our analysis, we will compare long-term historical dynamics by examining factors such as changes in population densities and the total area of cultivation.