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Internalized Orientalism in Media Representation following the 2011 Egyptian Revolution
Abstract
This study examines how Orientalism in postcolonial Egypt serves Western hegemonic power through news texts in the period following the January 25, 2011 revolution by employing the theory of internalized orientalism, in which the press represents its own society through a lens crafted by Western perception regarding Arabs. Rather than the Western media applying Orientalism discourse to Arab society, Arab media applies Orientalism discourse to its own constituents, dividing the ruling state class from the rest of the people in society. To deconstruct the textual representations of power relations between the ruling class and the rest of society in post-revolution Egypt, this study considers empirical examples from three Egyptian newspapers (Al-Ahram, Almasry Alyoum, and Al Shorouk) published in the 28 months immediately following the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Through contextual analysis of 734 news stories in the press I argue that the Egyptian media projected an image of the ruling class as “the self” while constructing the rest of society as “the other” by using the discourse of internalized orientalism in newspapers. Once Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was out of office following the 2011 revolution, news on the front pages of newspapers reflected the people’s power, legitimacy, and voices for the first time in Egypt’s post-colonial history. These changes were short-lived, however. By looking at the language and textual construction of the three newspapers used to describe people and revolutionaries in Tahrir Square, in a short period of time, Egypt went from an elite power structure to a people-centered structure with self-determined power, but it soon reverted to an elite power structure. I argue that the transition to elite power happened, in part, because the power structure of internalized orientalism in postcolonial Egyptian news media played a role in the Egyptian people’s inability to shift people’s perspectives toward a permanent people-centered form of government. The institutionalization of the deep state as ruling class in Egypt was reflected through news representation that employed internalized orientalism discourse to represent power relations between revolutionaries and the deep state. The analysis of news texts fits Mitchell’s (1988) conception of colonizing Egypt, in which colonial power constructed Egyptian society by dividing modernist Egyptian autocratic elites from the rest of the people, thereby emphasizing Said’s (1978) Orientalism of Western hegemonic domination over Arabs’ discourse regarding the self and the other.
Discipline
Journalism
Geographic Area
Egypt
Sub Area
Media