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The Heteroglossic Stranger: Literary ‘Interaction’ in Medieval Armenian, Persian, and Turkish Literature
Abstract
As part of a larger work, this study seeks to explore avenues of literary ‘interaction’ in medieval Armenian, Persian, and Turkish literature by expanding a moment during the late 13th through 15th centuries, when Armenian, Persian, and Turkish speakers responded to an immeasurably vast Arabic discourse on strangers and strangeness. The Arabic and Persian gharib, or foreigner/stranger, traveling across not only geographic but also linguistic frontiers, became indigenized in Armenian and Turkish literatures with the rise of ‘vernacular’ poetry in both languages. While an excellent survey of Arabic gharib literature exists thanks to Franz Rosenthal, there is currently no scholarship which takes into account the unnoticed story of the gharib's peregrinations across multiple Middle Eastern literatures and languages. Consequently, no current study is positioned to ask how we might understand the migrations of discourses across a heteroglossic cultural landscape in light of the traveling gharib. My paper will primarily focus on the work of four authors: Jal?l ad-D?n R?m? (d. 1273), the author of the Mathnaw?-ye Ma'naw?, one of the most famous works of Persian mystical poetry; Y?nus Emre, another Sufi poet who probably died around 1320 and was also one of the first authors to compose Sufi poetry in the Oghuz Turkish language; Frik, who was born in the 13h century, probably died in the early 14th century, and is likely the first author we know of who composed poetry in vernacular Armenian instead of Classical Armenian; and finally Mkrtich’ Naghash (d. around 1475), the Armenian bishop of Diyarbak?r, who left home after the destruction of his church and traveled westward, where he witnessed firsthand what life was like for scattered Armenians abroad. I have included Naghash, who comes about a hundred years after the major proliferation of the concept of the “gharib” in Sufi discourse during the late 13th and 14th centuries, in order to show how what began as a minor concern with Frik (whose poems contain one of the first, albeit quite brief, appearance of the word “gharib” in Armenian literature) became a central concern of Naghash's poetry. In so doing, I will examine the various ways that literatures develop alongside, in concert with, and against one another.
Discipline
Literature
Geographic Area
All Middle East
Sub Area
13th-18th Centuries