MESA Banner
Some Implications of the Nature of Land Grants in Post-Seljuq Armenia
Abstract
This paper will look at attitudes towards land holdings and land allotments in the Armenian territories that were conquered by the Georgian kingdom during the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. During this period, the traditional notions of land tenure had become tenuous due to the disintegration of the dynastic social structure of Greater Armenia. In this structure, land was the central basis of society and considered to be the hereditary property of a dynastic family. The disintegration of the Armenian dynastic system from the combination of the Byzantine annexation of the Armenian kingdoms of the Arcruni and Bagratuni in the eleventh century followed by the Selj?q conquest of eastern Anatolia in the second half of that century weakened the very nature of land tenure. Evidence of changing attitudes with regard to land tenure is discernible in the development of a new vocabulary to denote land grants and land possession. This new vocabulary consisted of both loan words and of the redefinition of older Armenian terms. In addition, over the course of the twelfth century, the Kingdom of Georgia, starting with David the Builder (1089-1125), engaged in a policy of expansion into Armenia. During the reign of Queen T'amar (1184-1214), the Armeno-Georgian forces under the command of the Armenian amirspasalar (commander-in-chief), Zak'ara, had conquered nearly all of the lands of the former Bagratuni kingdom. These lands were subsequently granted to Zak'arZ and his family to administer and to allot to other families. It will be suggested that the administration of land allotments in the Georgian kingdom with respect to the newly acquired lands of the former Armenian Bagratuni kingdom mirrors the system of iqte' grants developed by the Seljeq Turks. These commonalities suggest that the regional Christian and Muslim powers developed similar strategies for dealing with problems of land tenure and allotment; they may further indicate the existence of a discernible sociopolitical paradigm within the Armeno-Georgian kingdom more closely aligned with regional models than with either medieval European or Byzantine ones.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Anatolia
Armenia
Caucasus
Sub Area
None