Abstract
The events that occurred in 2011 in the Arab world lead to the coming to power of various Islamist political movements across the MENA region reactivating the debate about their genuine commitment to the concepts of both democracy and human rights. The Islamists strike back into politics was the consequence of electoral processes which took place not only in contexts of regime change but also in Morocco, which, despite being considered an ‘exception’ to the dramatic events that have occurred in other parts of North Africa, has nevertheless undergone an adjustment of its political system. It could be argued, in fact, that the main result of the Arab Spring in Morocco has been the creation of a new government in power led by the Islamist Party of Justice and Development (PJD).
Despite being allowed to participate in institutional politics as a ‘loyal opposition’ party since 1996 (Zeghal 2005), the PJD has had to self-limit its political activity in order to be tolerated by the regime (Willis 2004). With the aim of fully integrating into the political sphere, part of the PJD strategy has been the acceptance of the democratic and human rights discourses promoted by the regime (Dalmasso and Cavatorta 2011). Nevertheless, only as a consequence of the events of 2011 was the PJD allowed to integrate into the official political game at the highest level. The appointment of a PJD prime minister by the King and the creation of a PJD government followed two main political events: the constitutional debate reform and the elections of 25th of November 2011.
Through an analysis of the PJD’s role within the constitutional reform debate and of its 2011 electoral campaign, this paper will demonstrate how and to which extent the PJD’s embrace of the regime discourses concerning democracy and human rights has been internalized within the PJD. The paper first focuses on the programmatic choices and concrete actions that it argues are the result of the party’s ideological shift. Second, the paper examines how the practical adoption of human rights and democratic concepts have impacted the behavior of PJD leaders and members both in their internal party interactions and with other political and social actors. This research is based on interviews with PJD leaders and members between 2008-2012.
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