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No place for Jewish madwomen: A reading of female body during the crisis of overcrowding in the mental asylums of Istanbul
Abstract
This paper analyzes the administration and management of Ottoman Jewish women suffering from mental disorders throughout the overcrowding crisis in the mental asylums of Istanbul and these women's placelessness despite various efforts. The social and medical processes, in which women were first marked and then restrained as insane, confined and silenced not only the patients but also their femininity and sexuality as they were seen as morally degenerate threats for the social order. As their bodies were bargained by the officials and incorporated into the political, their placelessness stiffened. Nonetheless, as various power centers such as the central government, communal leadership, medical professionals bargained their lives, these women remained at the center of discussions as they were the living proof of the malfunctioning local communal structures and the central state. This paper looks at the various power centers' attempts to control the female body by placing female insanity within the specific historical framework of the late nineteenth century Ottoman Empire. Based on archival research in Ottoman state archives, Ladino journals, popular medical literature, and missionary reports, this study argues that insane Ottoman Jewish women were deemed undesirable and uninhabitable both by their local communities and the central state medical institutions. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: What was the understanding of female insanity of the period and how it found a place within local Jewish communities? How did insane Jewish women experience the mental asylum overcrowding crisis different than men? Finally, what kind of histories of Ottoman Jewish female insanity can be written using the archives despite the absence of personal testimonies? Jewish insane women in the context of the late nineteenth century were further disadvantageous since central medical institutions prioritized Muslim patients. Unlike other non-Muslim communities, Ottoman Jews did not have a mental asylum in the capital. Although there were transitory solutions for male patients such as placing them in the central prison, this was not relevant to women. The experiences of these women were not simply the echoes of scientific knowledge, but part of the central cultural and political framework in which ideas about female body and insanity were constructed. Hence, this study takes female insanity as a co-produced social framework and moves beyond the image of the "madwoman" as the victim and shows the extent to which insane Ottoman Jewish women had to endure.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Ottoman Empire
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries