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Migrant Bargaining via Social Networks in the UAE: The Role of Wasta
Abstract
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), home to 10 million people, has the world's highest migrant proportion (87%) and one of the most diverse populations, with 59% coming from South Asia, alongside dynamic cities like Abu Dhabi and Dubai. In this setting, both citizens and non-citizens engage with the state, society, and employers, often utilizing wasta—a Middle Eastern practice of leveraging social networks for favors—to navigate bureaucracies and negotiate for better positions. This paper investigates wasta as a bargaining tool for migrants to enhance their belonging and well-being by examining the influence of informal and formal networks on migrant experiences. Through 75 qualitative interviews with middle- and high-income UAE-based migrants of varied backgrounds, supplemented by conversations with UAE nationals, this study, supported by the American University of Sharjah, delves into how wasta is used to improve living conditions, work status, access services, and influence decisions. Migrants' ability to leverage wasta varies significantly, influenced by their socio-economic status, nationality, skill level, and home country's stability. High-skilled or economically privileged migrants often navigate the system more effectively, whereas women, lower-income, minority, or less secure country nationals face greater challenges. The research highlights the kafala sponsorship system's role in shaping migrant experiences, noting its gradual modification for higher-skilled individuals through initiatives like the “Golden Visa,” while remaining unchanged for others. This evolving landscape prompts a reevaluation of wasta's role across different migrant groups, its impact on their integration and well-being, and its transformation in light of labor law reforms. Contrary to studies focusing on Emiratis as wasta's main beneficiaries, this paper broadens the perspective, offering insights into a diverse range of migrant experiences and the nuanced ways in which social networks contribute to their life in the Gulf.
Discipline
Geography
Geographic Area
Gulf
Sub Area
None