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Making Sense of Kīmīyā-yi Saʿādat through al-Ghazzālī’s Sufi Sources
Abstract
This article offers three arguments about al-Ghazzālī’s major Persian work, Kīmīyā-yi Saʿādat, by examining his Sufi sources. First, al-Ghazzālī’s praise of God, or ḥamdala, in the foreword of Kīmīyā should be considered the earliest example of praise of God in Persian Sufi literature. Second, this Persian divine laudation is translated from Kharkūshī’s Arabic praise of the prophet Muḥammad in his Tahḍīb al-ʾAsrār. Third, al-Ghazzālī’s controversial reference to his Persian-speaking audience as ʿawāmm (laypeople) in the preface of Kīmīyā is similarly a Persian translation of Kharkūshī’s preface in Tahḍīb al-ʾAsrār. The article further proposes that Mustamillī al-Bukharī’s Sharḥ al-Taʿaruf li-Madhhab Ahl-i Taṣawwuf, the first Arabic-to-Persian translation of a Sufi manual, is another neglected source of al-Ghazzālī. As shown by these examples, Persian translation was one of the most subtle and ingenious ways in which al-Ghazzālī borrowed from his Sufi forerunners. Investigating al-Ghazzālī’s use of Sufi sources will further help scholars of Islamic literature to understand the origin of the thoughts and concepts echoed in his major Persian work.
Discipline
Literature
Philosophy
Religious Studies/Theology
Geographic Area
All Middle East
Iran
Sub Area
None