Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies are part of a translation process that moves health away from an embodied experience of wellbeing and disease towards capitalist interests. New materialism inspires this project by placing chemical compounds at the center of the story when looking at regimes of power that control the traffic of those compounds. Mifepristone and misoprostol are chemical compounds that the World Health Organization lists as essential to induce abortion. Medical abortion, or abortion pills, in Egypt results interesting to study pharmocracy —a formalized global regime of hegemony of the multinational pharmaceutical industry (Sunder Rajan 2017)—, as it shifts and changes according to global political economies. It is an attempt to de-exceptionalize the region, by inserting it into global circuits of health management, while looking at the specific implications of a country that contests and re-codes different values of this chemicals to their own capital, ethic, normative and constitutional values. From a feminist perspective, however, it allows us to question the narratives and mechanisms of control usually ascribed to the state when managing women’s reproductive rights. It also helps us highlight the political economy behind women’s right over their capacity of labour.
What does the pharmacratic control of abortion pills imply for women’s experiences of reproductive labor in Egypt? I argue that the intended control by pharmocracies implies a process of translation of value between pharmaceutical companies (who seek for profits), women (who seek for autonomy and safe healthcare), and opponents (who seek for diverging morals). Pharmaceutical companies translate the value of chemical compounds (mifepristone and misoprostol) into capital value that accrues with the abortion pill. First, I will provide a brief historical background of pharmaceutical and abortion regulations in Egypt since Ottoman times, tracing the formation of constitutional and moral values on abortion and abortifacients. Then, I’ll detail the pharmocratic rule of misoprostol and mifepristone in Egypt, which is embedded in a global health market, to reframe how we conceive the global not in terms of connections and flows, but through blocks and obstacles. The itinerary of abortion pills between Pfizer, Adwia, Sigma and Multipharma from the 1980s onwards serve as examples. Finally, I deepen into how the pharmocratic value production is translated by women who resist and challenge the hegemony of the government, pharmas and healthcare providers over their bodies by consuming a pill who has been labeled and legally bounded to uses that perpetuate stigmatization and disapproval.
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