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Gender and Class in the Space of the Medieval Cairene Cemetery
Abstract by Dr. Tara Stephan On Session 081  (Medicine, Life and Death)

On Friday, November 16 at 1:30 pm

2018 Annual Meeting

Abstract
The space of the cemetery in medieval Cairo was one of contradictions and cultural exchange. Modern scholars have studied the cemetery largely in the context of shrine and tomb visitation, called ziyara. However, analysis of the cemetery in other contexts, particularly for family grave visitation and holiday and festival celebrations, has yet been fully explored. This paper is a move in that direction, analyzing Cairene cemetery spaces in the Mamluk period through the lens of gender and class. I argue that, because the cemetery was both part of and distinct from the larger urban space of the city and because people of different classes, genders, and religions mixed together in this space, it caused significant anxiety among different scholars writing in various medieval genres. However, the ways in which these anxieties manifest in their works vary due to the specific concerns of both the individual author and also the genre in which he is writing. The sources used for this inquiry include chronicles, biographical dictionaries, bida' (anti-innovation) treatises, pilgrimage guides, and hisba manuals. Because of the varied activities that took place in the cemetery, from visitation of saints’ tombs to mawlids to funerals, an equally varied number of sources address issues of cemetery visitation. Careful analysis of such sources reveal specific anxieties about gender – in particular, the presence of women provoking social disorder in the form of sexual immorality (fitna). Furthermore, some authors specifically denigrate the behavior of the “commoners” in the cemetery, drawing out class distinctions in how people behaved and using accusations of “the practices of the commoners” to malign certain customs. Both gender and class connect to the issue of the mixing of religious groups in the cemeteries, as some scholars argue that Muslim women and commoners were more likely to be swayed to non-Muslim practices. Shared shrine spaces were a source of anxiety for Muslim and dhimmi authors alike. Therefore, by analyzing the space of the cemetery in this specific time and place, larger medieval concerns about space and society are revealed.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Egypt
Sub Area
None