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The Two Editions of al-Tahtawi’s Travel Account to Paris: the Making of Docile Bodies in Modern Egypt
Abstract
Rifa’a al-Tahtawi (1801-1873) was the students’ imam (religious adviser) in the first large-scale educational mission sent from Egypt to France in 1826. Upon returning to Egypt, he published an account that depicted his travel to Paris, which included information about French culture, the daily schedule of the students, and the subjects they studied. The account was entitled Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz [The Extraction of Gold in the Summation of Paris], published in Cairo in 1835. It was widely circulated and a second edition was published in 1848. While the first account has been the subject of numerous studies (El-Ariss, Tageldin, and Euben, among others), the second edition has been virtually overlooked. My paper fills this lacuna by examining the second edition and comparing it with the first edition. My analysis highlights the discrepancies between the two editions, arguing that Muhammad Ali Pasha (1769-1849), Egypt’s Viceroy, utilized the second edition as propaganda to defend his educational policies, which were unpopular at the time. The edition included a long apologia, which defended Muhammad Ali’s educational policies and his missions to France, casting him as a defender of Muslims against the infidels. Although scholars assume al-Tahtawi had full agency over his words, I argue that his meteoric rise in state positions point to Muhammad Ali’s successful measures in rendering him a "docile body," to quote Foucault,. His voice was co-opted to bolster support for the Viceroy’s oppressive, modernizing measures and to silence his opponents (Fahmy). Nevertheless, al-Tahtawi fell from grace as soon as 'Abbas Pasha became the new Viceroy in 1849. Al-Tahtawi’s exile demonstrates the precariousness and the limitations of being an obedient, docile body to the state. My analysis reveals the intricate levels of colonial strata (cf. E. Powell) that affected the lives of common Egyptians and explains why al-Tahtawi was speaking in a bifurcated tongue: praising and denouncing the French simultaneously. His doublespeak mirrored the state's schizophrenic rhetoric, which highlighted the exigency of seeking Western education while denouncing its civilization as un-Islamic. My research is significant because the Viceroy’s policies continue to operate in the twenty-first century. When the Arab Uprising began in 2011, Hosni Mobarak, the fourth appointed president, accused his opponents of being unfaithful to Egypt and Islam. Morsi, the first elected president, hurled similar accusations against his opponents, and currently the army is following a similar strategy.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Egypt
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries