Abadan was the most prominent of all the oil company towns that the British Petroleum Company built in Southwest Iran. Located at the border of Iran and present-day Iraq, by the mid twentieth century Abadan not only accommodated the world’s largest refinery, it had also become Iran’s most populous industrial city. This paper focuses on the design of healthcare facilities and the Company’s public health policies in different stages of Abadan’s urban development between 1908 and 1933. Drawing on primary archival documents and secondary sources, the paper discusses how notions of sanitation and hygiene played a pivotal role in the organization of space in Abadan. This was manifested in provision of urban infrastructure— such as water supplies, sewage, and drainage systems— land acquisition policies, and housing, as well as in healthcare design and town planning practices. From the outset, prevailing sanitary principles of the time coupled with colonial conventions helped determine the placement and organization of residential spaces for different classes of the workforce and also informed the design of Company-sponsored healthcare system, which was comprised of dispensaries, hospitals, quarantine facilities and isolation camps. Medical services were also used as a tool to increase the Company’s control over the workforce, to forge the desired social order, to recreate the unequal power structure similar to colonial models, and, last but not least, to avoid labor militancy. In the 1920s, in the light of Iran’s new political environment, labor unrests, and frequent epidemics, the Company implemented reforms to boost industrial efficiency and productivity by increasing its control over space and populations, while also addressing pressing urban issues. This included a revision of public health policies and reorganization of healing spaces.