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A Revolution in Motion: Mediating the Digital Divide in Egypt through Mobility and Mobile Technology
Abstract
This paper examines the use of everyday mobile technologies, and mobile telephony in particular, in political activism and protest during the 2011 Egyptian uprisings and throughout its continuing aftermath. The data for this project comes from semi-structured personal interviews with activists, protesters, journalists, and regional experts as well as original online survey data and participant observation of protest activity and organizational culture within the April 6th movement. Drawing upon these sources, the author argues that the Arab Spring presents a powerful case where mobile technology – due to its technical characteristics, its physicality, and the demographics of its users – helped straddle the largely socioeconomic digital divide between traditional media sources (state TV, satellite TV, and landline phones) and ‘new’ media outlets (the Internet and its various social networking platforms). The author situates these mobile media phenomena broadly within the mobilities paradigm and social movement theory and places them within their unique technical and social context in Egypt. Being ‘mobile’ has become a trademark of the Internet age to such a pervasive degree that it paradoxically obscures the dialectic between physical and virtual mobility. Various ‘immobilities,’ including socioeconomic conditions, geopolitical agendas, physical infrastructure, and urban development, create and maintain digital divides and limit media access in the long term. The success of the revolutionary moment was in part due to the convergence of the physical mobility of activists within the urban space of Cairo and the virtual mobility of data. In moments of street protest, mobile phone users bridge the gap between “wired” (connected) and “non-wired” participants. However, during the revolution’s aftermath, pre-existing digital divides have become re-entrenched in the absence of the physicality of the protest environment. The result is an increased migration of activists toward political ‘echo chambers’ online. Technological mobility is both a useful unit of analysis in the socio-political story of the Egyptian uprising and a meaningful theoretical frame for examining digital Orientalism and its intersection with an encroaching neoliberal technoscape. There are profound implications for the mediation of democratic discourse and the continuing curation of collective memory. Events in Egypt are no more a ‘’cell phone revolution’’ than they are a Facebook or Twitter revolution. However, mobile telephony plays a crucial and underrepresented role in the technological story of the Egyptian uprisings as both a ubiquitous technology and a highly mobile one, which daily traverses the interstitial space between the ‘online’ and the ‘offline.’
Discipline
Anthropology
Geographic Area
Egypt
Sub Area
None