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A Supernatural Genre: Jafr and Esoteric Revelation in the 15th – 17th cent. Ottoman Intellectual World
Abstract
?afr, the Islamic esoteric genre of eschatologically loaded apocalyptic import par excellence, constitutes a barely breached subject among Ottoman scholars. Arguably, ?afr experienced its heyday under the Ottomans, especially between the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries; it is a supernatural class of texts that served to bolster Ottoman claims to supreme Islamic cosmocracy. As an Islamic revelatory genre in the service of empire, it is hence a testament to what Cornell Fleischer identifies as a shared Mediterranean “historical idiom” that was “highly transferable and universally understood” (“A Mediterranean Apocalypse,” p. 80). For specialists of Ottoman intellectual history, however, focus has generally been placed on understanding economics, the advent of Sunni orthodoxy, military and war, as well as statecraft and diplomacy. Islamic intellectual history should include ?afr as a key genre in the catalogue of relevant texts. To that end, this paper first provides an historical outline of the development of ?afr and its introduction, arguably via Sufi circles, into the Ottoman world. In particular, the Comprehensive Prognosticon (al-?afr al-?a?mi?, MS. Süleymaniye Ktp. Laleli 1532) by Mu?ammad b. T?alh?ah (d. 642/1254) is examined at length. Second, the Key to the Comprehensive Prognosticon (mifta?h? al-?ifr al-?a?mi?, MSS. Süleymaniye Ism. Ef. 280; BnF Paris 2669) by ?Abd al-Rah?ma?n al-Bist?a?mi? (d. 858/1454) is presented as an early example of a new Ottoman esoteric textual tradition. Despite the derivative nature of al-Bist?a?mi?’s work, for the Ottomans it served as a primary text of apocalyptic power and transcendental insights in its own right. Third, the apocryphal Ottoman apocalypse The Tree of Nu?ma?n (al-Ša?arah al-nu?ma?niyyah) attributed to Ibn al-?Arab? is examined. This text is important because it auto-categorizes itself as belonging to the genre of ?afr. In this light, one may identify an intellectual awareness of a taxonomically distinct body of literature. Equally important, in presenting The Tree of Nu?ma?n I will argue for an approximate dating of composition in the late sixteenth~mid-seventeenth century. In short, this paper makes a critical contribution to the nascent wave of scholarly interest in Ottoman esotericism and apocalypticism by examining the historical chain of ?afr literature, two key ?afr texts from the early modern period, as well as their centrality in the world of Ottoman eschatological enthusiasm.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Egypt
Turkey
Sub Area
13th-18th Centuries