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Melodies of Power: Understanding Sacred Sound and the Demarcation of Space in Almohad Andalus and the Maghrib
Abstract
The central aisle of the medieval Qarawiyyin mosque in Fez Morocco is decorated with several richly made copper-alloy lamps forged between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries during the Almohad and Merinid dynastic eras. At a closer glance, onlookers entering the mosque will notice that the inner structure of these lamps are medieval Christian bells. The bell was both a practical and symbolic device to summon the faithful to prayer in Christianity, however, was simultaneously considered an inauspicious instrument in medieval Islamic jurisprudential thought and cultural practice. Therefore, the reasons for which the Muslim patrons of these mosque lamps chose to employ Christian bells in symbolic religious art and architecture located in prominent positions within medieval Maghribi mosques, merit further investigation. This paper argues that these Almohad and Merinid bell-lamps and their ornamentation with Christian bells represent an evolving attitude of medieval Muslims towards their understanding of the symbolic meaning and truth claims attached to the ritual of the adhan. Historically, the adhan was introduced in Muslim society as simply an aural device to summon the faithful to gather and pray. Overtime, this daily ritual acquired several additional meanings and functions. Other than simply being considered a pragmatic summoning ritual, this paper argues that when medieval Muslims encountered different religious communities in the lands they conquered, they began to attach triumphalist notions, apotropaic characteristics, and other ideologies to the ritual of the adh?n which corresponded with widely held medieval Near Eastern Christian beliefs regarding the semantron and bell ringing. As a result, the sacred sound of the adhan acquired several “lives” and multi-faceted dimensions in medieval Islamic religious and social thought. The research presented in this paper analyzes key recorded events in early medieval Islamic history which indicate prominent shifts in the ideological evolution of the symbolism and meaning attached to the adhan. In light of these ideological shifts, this paper also discusses how the Christian naqus (semantron and bell) became competitive symbols in the soundscape of conquered cities in the late seventh and eighth centuries. These early factors combined with the geo-political strife between Muslim and Christian societies in medieval Spain, provide an understanding of how and why the Christian bell, an irreverent device in medieval Islamic theology, became used prominently and persistently in the religio-cultural art and architecture of the entire pre-modern Muslim world, and specifically Almohad and Merinid al-Andalus and the Maghrib.
Discipline
Art/Art History
Geographic Area
Islamic World
Maghreb
Mediterranean Countries
Morocco
Spain
Sub Area
None