In the early 20th century, Egyptian effendi intellectuals used nationalism to introduce tastes in new types of literature, cinema, music, and journalism into Egypt. To this end, they constructed a nationalism that portrayed them as ideally qualified to be the nation's guides, in contrast to the clergy, whose qualifications they devalued. Thus the promotion of nationalist tastes not only advanced effendi intellectuals' careers by creating demand for their products; it was also a strategy in a broader struggle among Egyptians over prestige, credibility, and economic interests. This struggle was carried out in the pages of novels and essays, in political conflicts over educational policy, in courtrooms, and in the streets. The nationalism that emerged from this struggle, and became part of respectable mainstream tastes, increasingly resembled religion, and helped legitimize military dictatorship in the 1950s.