Abstract
There is a substantial international literature demonstrating that, contrary to the claims of
neoclassical economics, household monies are not entirely fungible. Specifically, the monies
earned by one partner are not usually interchangeable with those earned by their partner of the
other gender. Research on this topic in Egypt has documented complex financial flows between
husbands and wives. This previous work is limited, however, by its focus on low-income
households alone and its reliance on wives’ accounts to the exclusion of husbands’. In the
current study, I use in-depth qualitative interviews with 30 husband-wife dyads across three class
groups in Cairo, Egypt, to examine the household budgeting behaviors and discursive practices
of dual-earning heterosexual couples
I find that symbolic boundaries are constructed to differentiate between women’s and men’s
incomes, giving rise to a status hierarchy of monies. While nearly all dual-earner couples in my
sample aspired to a male breadwinning ideal in which the household’s needs would be covered
by men’s earnings alone, few couples were able to live up to this ideal in Egypt’s high-inflation
post-floatation economic landscape. I trace three discursive practices that served to not only
distinguish between men’s and women’s earnings, but more importantly, to diminish the value of
women’s financial contributions to the household.
First, I find that both men and women downplayed women’s monetary contributions to the
household and heightened the importance of men’s earnings. Respondents across all three class
groups referred to women’s income-generating activities as ‘help’ or ‘supplementary’ to the
husband’s breadwinning activities, and their incomes as ‘extra’ or ‘minimal.’
Second, I find that spouses engaged in gendered misrepresentations of their financial
arrangements. Men claimed ignorance regarding the exact sum of money earned by their wives.
I show that this claim on the part of men is patterned by class, such that working class men are
more likely to know what their wives earn because they must be more mindful of the limited
means they have.
Third, I find that women, but more often men, routinely claimed that God's intervention rather
than women's earnings explained their ability to overcome financial crises. Men similarly
claimed that God’s intercession alone allowed them to maintain households in which
expenditures exceeded incomes.
Together, these three practices allowed men and women to neutralize the gender deviance
represented by wives’ work, and to offset the threat to husbands’ masculinity represented by
women’s contributions to the household budget.
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