Abstract
The world’s first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby was born in England in 1978. Only two years later in 1980, the first pro-IVF fatwa was issued by the Grand Shaykh of Al Azhar University in Cairo. Since then, assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been widely practiced across the Muslim world, reflecting both Islamic pronatalism (i.e., the creation of an Islamic “multitude”) and explicit encouragement of medical and scientific advancements to overcome human suffering. Of the three Abrahamic faith traditions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—Islam and Judaism have been the most “ART permissive,” especially when compared to some forms of Christianity. For example, Catholicism disallows all forms of reproductive technology, from birth control to assisted conception. Still, as a faith tradition, Islam prioritizes reproduction within the bounds of marriage, meaning that single women and men are not encouraged to become parents out of wedlock. Within this Islamic moral world, single women facing the threat of permanent childlessness because of medical disorders or age-related fertility decline might be inclined to preserve their fertility through the newest ART called “oocyte cryopreservation” (or egg freezing). Since the new millennium, oocyte cryopreservation via a flash-freezing technology called “vitrification” has allowed young cancer patients to preserve their fertility prior to sterility-inducing chemotherapy. However, over the past decade, egg freezing is increasingly being used by thousands of otherwise healthy single women in countries ranging from Brazil to India to South Korea. In September 2019, Egypt’s Dar Al-Ifta issued a fatwa declaring that egg freezing among single women is “permissible” under certain conditions. In light of this declaration, egg freezing is now taking off in Middle Eastern countries, including Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. This paper examines why single Muslim women—most of whom are highly educated, “thirty-something” professionals—are freezing their eggs. Facing a serious “mating gap” in which equally educated partners are hard to find, egg freezing offers women a way to extend their reproductive timelines and reduce their anxieties while still hoping for marriage and a family. Ultimately, this paper argues that in today’s world, egg freezing is a costly technological concession to the growing state of “reproductive waithood” now facing educated Muslim women in the Middle East and beyond.
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