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Migrants After Labor in Lebanon
Abstract
Who is the migrant worker in Lebanon? If we agree that there is no singular subject called the worker, it follows that there is no singular subject called the migrant worker. In Lebanon, migrants labor across many different sectors, from farms and factories to hotels and casinos. Considering the history of labor in the 20th century, it could even be argued that migrant workers have been the prototype subjects of labor, rather than its exception. And yet, migrants in Lebanon from outside the region are often defined in public imagination by the narrow social-legal category of the kafala-contracted domestic worker. Because kafala-contracted workers are legally constrained from politically organizing, they are imagined as existing outside the realm of political action. Yet oral histories collected with migrant workers who lived in Beirut from the 1960s until today reveal that migrants were never not politically engaged. Migrant networks and practices of collective organizing became vital to their survival in Lebanon’s 2019-20 economic collapse, when thousands of migrants across the sectors organized sit-ins calling on their governments to bring them home. In conversation with Sudanese, Kenyan and Ethiopian migrants who lost their jobs in Lebanon’s economic meltdown and slept in front of their embassy throughout 2020, this paper proposes that the migrants’ response to Lebanon’s labor crisis through collective organizing offers lessons for intersectional political organizing. Engaging with Lebanese activist initiatives for coalition building, I argue that the legal, political and social exclusion of migrants from national labor interests hurts Lebanese national workers as much as it hurts foreign workers; in 2020, both groups experienced being after labor, in the double sense of being out of work and in search of it. Their shared predicament did not, at the same time, erase gendered and racial hierarchies that position workers differently in relation to the state, and that impact what political demands they can and cannot make. Understanding the changing political economy and social life of labor in Lebanon and in the region demands that we think across categories of labor and migration, national and foreign, while keeping in mind the material ways in which these categories impact people's access to labor and organizing.
Discipline
Anthropology
Geographic Area
Lebanon
Sudan
Sub Area
None